Non-Contractual Use of State Treasury Agricultural Properties as a Challenge for Public Asset Management and Business Governance Models

Since state-owned lands are considered a strategic national resource, their effective management depends on unified legal frameworks, institutional capacity, and effective monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. This study analyzes non-contractual land use as a manifestation of governance failure situated at the intersection of public administration, business management, and corporate economics. This study employed a multi-methods approach combining desk research, legal and institutional analysis, and the analysis of administrative data from 2006 to 2024. The results show that deficiencies in monitoring systems, the fragmented nature of land registry records, information asymmetry, and limited coordination between institutions significantly weaken the protection of public property rights. Despite legal reforms implemented after 2016, unconditional land use continues, particularly in areas where state-owned land has historically been concentrated. The article proposes governance-focused solutions to improve the efficiency of public asset management and support sustainable rural development. These solutions include digital monitoring tools, geomatic analyses, risk-based control mechanisms, and incentive-based contract models.